Parasympathomimetic, Cholinergic receptor agonist, as a carbamate it is a slowly hydrolyzed substrate of acetylcholinesterase. This drug is administered ocularly to induce miosis to reduce intraocular pressure in the treatment of glaucoma. Carbachol is also used to stimulate micturition by contraction of detrusor muscle. This drug may cause hypotension, bradycardia, nausea, vomiting, bronchospasm, and abdominal cramps.
Search PubMed for references concerning: Carbachol
Title: Molecular basis of inhibition of substrate hydrolysis by a ligand bound to the peripheral site of acetylcholinesterase Auletta JT, Johnson JL, Rosenberry TL Ref: Chemico-Biological Interactions, 187:135, 2010 : PubMed
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) contains a narrow and deep active site gorge with two sites of ligand binding, an acylation site (or A-site) at the base of the gorge and a peripheral site (or P-site) near the gorge entrance. The P-site contributes to the catalytic efficiency of substrate hydrolysis by transiently binding substrates on their way to the acylation site, where a short-lived acyl enzyme intermediate is produced. Ligands that bind to the A-site invariably inhibit the hydrolysis of all AChE substrates, but ligands that bind to the P-site inhibit the hydrolysis of some substrates but not others. To clarify the basis of this difference, we focus here on second-order rate constants for substrate hydrolysis (k(E)), a parameter that reflects the binding of ligands only to the free form of the enzyme and not to enzyme-substrate intermediates. We first describe an inhibitor competition assay that distinguishes whether a ligand is inhibiting AChE by binding to the A-site or the P-site. We then show that the P-site-specific ligand thioflavin T inhibits the hydrolysis of the rapidly hydrolyzed substrate acetylthiocholine but fails to show any inhibition of the slowly hydrolyzed substrates ATMA (3-(acetamido)-N,N,N-trimethylanilinium) and carbachol. We derive an expression for k(E) that accounts for these observations by recognizing that the rate-limiting steps for these substrates differ. The rate-limiting step for the slow substrates is the general base-catalyzed acylation reaction k(2), a step that is unaffected by bound thioflavin T. In contrast, the rate-limiting step for acetylthiocholine is either substrate association or substrate migration to the A-site, and these steps are blocked by bound thioflavin T.
Title: Analysis of the reaction of carbachol with acetylcholinesterase using thioflavin T as a coupled fluorescence reporter Rosenberry TL, Sonoda LK, Dekat SE, Cusack B, Johnson JL Ref: Biochemistry, 47:13056, 2008 : PubMed
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) contains a narrow and deep active site gorge with two sites of ligand binding, an acylation site (or A-site) at the base of the gorge and a peripheral site (or P-site) near the gorge entrance. The P-site contributes to catalytic efficiency by transiently binding substrates on their way to the acylation site, where a short-lived acylated enzyme intermediate is produced. Carbamates are very poor substrates that, like other AChE substrates, form an initial enzyme-substrate complex with free AChE (E) and proceed to an acylated enzyme intermediate (EC), which is then hydrolyzed. However, the hydrolysis of EC is slow enough to resolve the acylation and deacylation steps on the catalytic pathway. Here, we focus on the reaction of carbachol (carbamoylcholine) with AChE. The kinetics and thermodynamics of this reaction are of special interest because carbachol is an isosteric analogue of the physiological substrate acetylcholine. We show that the reaction can be monitored with thioflavin T as a fluorescent reporter group. The fluorescence of thioflavin T is strongly enhanced when it binds to the P-site of AChE, and this fluorescence is partially quenched when a second ligand binds to the A-site to form a ternary complex. Analysis of the fluorescence reaction profiles was challenging because four thermodynamic parameters and two fluorescence coefficients were fitted from the combined data both for E and for EC. Respective equilibrium dissociation constants of 6 and 26 mM were obtained for carbachol binding to the A- and P-sites in E and of 2 and 32 mM for carbachol binding to the A- and P-sites in EC. These constants for the binding of carbachol to the P-site are about an order of magnitude larger (i.e., indicating lower affinity) than previous estimates for the binding of acetylthiocholine to the P-site.
Title: Monitoring the reaction of carbachol with acetylcholinesterase by thioflavin T fluorescence and acetylthiocholine hydrolysis Rosenberry TL, Sonoda LK, Dekat SE, Cusack B, Johnson JL Ref: Chemico-Biological Interactions, 175:235, 2008 : PubMed
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) contains a narrow and deep active site gorge with two sites of ligand binding, an acylation site (or A-site) at the base of the gorge and a peripheral site (or P-site) near the gorge entrance. The P-site contributes to catalytic efficiency by transiently binding substrates on their way to the acylation site, where a short-lived acyl enzyme intermediate is produced. Carbamates are very poor substrates that, like other AChE substrates, form an initial enzyme-substrate complex and proceed to an acylated enzyme intermediate which is then hydrolyzed. However, the hydrolysis of the carbamoylated enzyme is slow enough to resolve the acylation and deacylation steps on the catalytic pathway. Here we show that the reaction of carbachol (carbamoylcholine) with AChE can be monitored both with acetylthiocholine as a reporter substrate and with thioflavin T as a fluorescent reporter group. The fluorescence of thioflavin T is strongly enhanced when it binds to the P-site of AChE, and this fluorescence is partially quenched when a second ligand binds to the A-site to form a ternary complex. These fluorescence changes allow not only the monitoring of the course of the carbamoylation reaction but also the determination of carbachol affinities for the A- and P-sites.
