Inhibitor Report for: Pro-boropro

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPIV) is an alpha,beta-hydrolase-like serine exopeptidase, which removes dipeptides, preferentially with a C-terminal l-Pro residue, from the N terminus of longer peptide substrates. Previously, we determined the tetrameric 1.8A crystal structure of native porcine DPIV. Each monomer is composed of a beta-propeller and a catalytic domain, which together embrace an internal cavity housing the active centre. This cavity is connected to the bulk solvent by a "propeller opening" and a "side opening". Here, we analyse DPIV complexes with a t-butyl-Gly-Pro-Ile tripeptide, Pro-boroPro, a piperazine purine compound, and aminoethyl phenyl sulfonylfluoride. The latter two compounds bind to the active-site groove in a compact and a quite bulky manner, respectively, causing considerable shifts of the catalytic Ser630 side-chain and of the Tyr547 phenolic group, which forms the oxyanion hole. The tripeptide, mimicking a peptide substrate, is clamped to the active site through tight interactions via its N-terminal alpha-ammonium group, the P2 carbonyl group, the P1-l-Pro side-chain, the C-terminal carboxylate group, and the stable orthoacid ester amide formed between the scissile peptide carbonyl group and Ser630 O(gamma). This stable trapping of the tripeptide could be due to stabilization of the protonated His740 imidazolium cation by the adjacent negatively charged C-terminal carboxylate group, preventing proton transfer to the leaving group nitrogen atom. Docking experiments with the compact rigid 58 residue protein aprotinin, which had been shown to be processed by DPIV, indicate that the Arg1-Pro2 N terminus can access the DPIV active site only upon widening of its side openings, probably by separation of the first and the last propeller blades, and/or of the catalytic and the propeller domain.

CD26 dipeptidyl peptidase (DPPIV) is involved in the regulation of proliferation of some hematopoietic and T-lineage cells. Here, we show that Pro-boropro a potent inhibitor of DPP activity has a costimulating effect in hematopoietic colony assays for macrophage and, to a lesser extent, for granulocyte colonies and has a stimulating effect in organ cultures of immature thymocytes. Based on these and other evidences, we propose that the mechanism by which CD26 regulates proliferation is associated with its DPP activity.

Synthesis of the boronic acid analog of the dipeptide Pro-Pro yields a mixture of diastereomers Pro-L-boroPro and Pro-D-boroPro, one of which is a potent inhibitor [Ki = 16 pM; Gutheil, W. G., & Bachovchin, W. W. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 8723-8731] of dipeptidyl amino peptidase type IV (DP IV), also known as CD26. The structures of both diasteremers are determined here in aqueous solution by means of 1D and 2D NMR of 1H, 13C, and 11B, and force-field calculations, and the inhibitor is proven to have the L-L configuration. At low pH values (approximately 2), both diastereomers are trans with respect to the peptide bond. Populations of proline ring conformers are determined by pseudorotation analysis, using vicinal proton spin-coupling constants obtained by computer analysis of 1D1H NMR spectral fine structure. At neutral pH values, the Pro-boroPro inhibitor of DP IV undergoes slow, reversible inactivation (Gutheil & Bachovchin, 1993). By structural determination of the decomposition products of both diasteromers, the process is shown here to involve formation of a six-membered ring between the residues by means of trans-cis conversion and formation of a B-N bond, producing chiral nitrogen atoms in both cases having the S configuration. Analogy to cyclic dipeptides suggests the new compounds be named cyclo(Pro-L-boroPro) and cyclo(Pro-D-boroPro).

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPIV) is an alpha,beta-hydrolase-like serine exopeptidase, which removes dipeptides, preferentially with a C-terminal l-Pro residue, from the N terminus of longer peptide substrates. Previously, we determined the tetrameric 1.8A crystal structure of native porcine DPIV. Each monomer is composed of a beta-propeller and a catalytic domain, which together embrace an internal cavity housing the active centre. This cavity is connected to the bulk solvent by a "propeller opening" and a "side opening". Here, we analyse DPIV complexes with a t-butyl-Gly-Pro-Ile tripeptide, Pro-boroPro, a piperazine purine compound, and aminoethyl phenyl sulfonylfluoride. The latter two compounds bind to the active-site groove in a compact and a quite bulky manner, respectively, causing considerable shifts of the catalytic Ser630 side-chain and of the Tyr547 phenolic group, which forms the oxyanion hole. The tripeptide, mimicking a peptide substrate, is clamped to the active site through tight interactions via its N-terminal alpha-ammonium group, the P2 carbonyl group, the P1-l-Pro side-chain, the C-terminal carboxylate group, and the stable orthoacid ester amide formed between the scissile peptide carbonyl group and Ser630 O(gamma). This stable trapping of the tripeptide could be due to stabilization of the protonated His740 imidazolium cation by the adjacent negatively charged C-terminal carboxylate group, preventing proton transfer to the leaving group nitrogen atom. Docking experiments with the compact rigid 58 residue protein aprotinin, which had been shown to be processed by DPIV, indicate that the Arg1-Pro2 N terminus can access the DPIV active site only upon widening of its side openings, probably by separation of the first and the last propeller blades, and/or of the catalytic and the propeller domain.

CD26 dipeptidyl peptidase (DPPIV) is involved in the regulation of proliferation of some hematopoietic and T-lineage cells. Here, we show that Pro-boropro a potent inhibitor of DPP activity has a costimulating effect in hematopoietic colony assays for macrophage and, to a lesser extent, for granulocyte colonies and has a stimulating effect in organ cultures of immature thymocytes. Based on these and other evidences, we propose that the mechanism by which CD26 regulates proliferation is associated with its DPP activity.

DP IV (CD26), a serine protease expressed on activated T cells, participates in immune responses in vivo as well as in vitro. We measured cell surface and serum DP IV in mice of the autoimmune MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr (MRL/l) strain, which is characterized by massive T cell proliferation and production of anti-nuclear autoantibodies. The mass of inguinal lymph nodes correlated with serum DP IV activity. Furthermore, serum DP IV activity increased markedly in parallel with the acceleration of lymph node swelling and anti-nDNA antibody production. Serum DP IV activity in 16-week-old MRL/l mice reached levels up to three higher than those in age-matched MRL/Mp- +/+ mice or BALB/c mice. Immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometric analysis identified DV IV on surfaces of lymphocytes from the enlarged lymph nodes of MRL/l mice. Subcutaneous injection of the mechanism-based inhibitor, Pro-boroPro, reduced protease activity in serum and cell suspensions prepared from spleen and lymph nodes, confirming the identity of the enzyme as DP IV. These results indicate that the massively accumulating lymphocytes of MRL/l mice have a property characteristic of activated T cells, although they express little surface CD4 or CD8 and do not produce IL-2. DP IV may participate in the role these cells play in the pathogenesis of MRL/l autoimmune disease.

The CD26 activation antigen (Ag), which is expressed on a subpopulation of human T cells, has been characterized as dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV, EC 3.4.14.5). We investigated some molecular and inhibition characteristics as well as the monoclonal antibody (mAb)-binding profile of this molecule purified from human lymphocytes. Among the antibodies we explored, two, anti-BT5/9 and anti-TA5.9, exhibited a high affinity for both purified and cell-bound CD26 Ag. Their significance in the study of immunologic memory and lymphocyte activation is discussed in relation to other markers of lymphocyte activation. Among 4 types of inhibitors studied, Pro-boroPro proved to be the most promising substance for further research on the physiological role of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26).

Synthesis of the boronic acid analog of the dipeptide Pro-Pro yields a mixture of diastereomers Pro-L-boroPro and Pro-D-boroPro, one of which is a potent inhibitor [Ki = 16 pM; Gutheil, W. G., & Bachovchin, W. W. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 8723-8731] of dipeptidyl amino peptidase type IV (DP IV), also known as CD26. The structures of both diasteremers are determined here in aqueous solution by means of 1D and 2D NMR of 1H, 13C, and 11B, and force-field calculations, and the inhibitor is proven to have the L-L configuration. At low pH values (approximately 2), both diastereomers are trans with respect to the peptide bond. Populations of proline ring conformers are determined by pseudorotation analysis, using vicinal proton spin-coupling constants obtained by computer analysis of 1D1H NMR spectral fine structure. At neutral pH values, the Pro-boroPro inhibitor of DP IV undergoes slow, reversible inactivation (Gutheil & Bachovchin, 1993). By structural determination of the decomposition products of both diasteromers, the process is shown here to involve formation of a six-membered ring between the residues by means of trans-cis conversion and formation of a B-N bond, producing chiral nitrogen atoms in both cases having the S configuration. Analogy to cyclic dipeptides suggests the new compounds be named cyclo(Pro-L-boroPro) and cyclo(Pro-D-boroPro).

The potent dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV) inhibitor [1-(2-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2-pyrrolidinyl]boronic acid (L-Pro-DL-boroPro) [Flentke, G. R., Munoz, E., Huber, B. T., Plaut, A. G., Kettner, C. A., & Bachovchin, W. W. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 1556-1559] was fractionated into its component L-L and L-D diastereomers by C18 HPLC, and the binding of the purified diastereomers to DP IV was analyzed. Inhibition kinetics confirms that the L-L diastereomer is a potent inhibitor of DP IV, having a Ki of 16 pM. The L-D isomer binds at least 1000-fold more weakly than the L-L, if it binds at all, as the approximately 200-fold weaker inhibition observed for the purified L-D isomer is shown here to be due entirely to the presence of a small amount (0.59%) of the L-L diastereomer contaminating the L-D preparation. The instability of Pro-boroPro, together with its very high affinity for DP IV and the time dependence of the inhibition, makes a rigorous kinetic analysis of its binding to DP IV difficult. Here we have developed a method which takes advantage of the slow rate at which the inhibitor dissociates from the enzyme. The method involves preincubating the enzyme and the inhibitor without substrate and then assaying the free enzyme by the addition of substrate and following its hydrolysis for a period of time which is short relative to the dissociation rate of the inhibitor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)