(Below N is a link to NCBI taxonomic web page and E link to ESTHER at designed phylum.) > cellular organisms: NE > Eukaryota: NE > Opisthokonta: NE > Metazoa: NE > Eumetazoa: NE > Bilateria: NE > Deuterostomia: NE > Chordata: NE > Craniata: NE > Vertebrata: NE > Gnathostomata: NE > Teleostomi: NE > Euteleostomi: NE > Sarcopterygii: NE > Dipnotetrapodomorpha: NE > Tetrapoda: NE > Amniota: NE > Mammalia: NE > Theria: NE > Eutheria: NE > Boreoeutheria: NE > Laurasiatheria: NE > Cetartiodactyla: NE > Ruminantia: NE > Pecora: NE > Bovidae: NE > Bovinae: NE > Bos: NE > Bos taurus: NE
LegendThis sequence has been compared to family alignement (MSA) red => minority aminoacid blue => majority aminoacid color intensity => conservation rate title => sequence position(MSA position)aminoacid rate Catalytic site Catalytic site in the MSA MRPPWCPLHTPSLTPPLLLLLFLIGGGAEAEGPEDPELLVMVRGGRLRGL RLMAPRGPVSAFLGIPFAEPPVGPRRFLPPEPKRPWPGVLNATAFQSVCY QYVDTLYPGFEGTEMWNPNRELSEDCLYLNVWTPYPRPSSPTPVLVWIYG GGFYSGASSLDVYDGRFLTQAEGTVLVSMNYRVGAFGFLALPGSREAPGN VGLLDQRLALQWVQENVAAFGGDPTSVTLFGESAGAASVGMHLLSPPSRG LFHRAVLQSGAPNGPWATVGVGEARRRATLLARLVGCPPGGAGGNDTELV ACLRARPAQDLVDHEWRVLPQESVFRFSFVPVVDGDFLSDTPEALINAGD FHGLQVLVGVVKDEGSYFLVYGAPGFSKDNESLISRAQFLAGVRVGVPQA SDLAAEAVVLHYTDWLHPEDPARLREALSDVVGDHNVVCPVAQLAGRLAA QGARVYAYIFEHRASTLSWPLWMGVPHGYEIEFIFGLPLEPSLNYTIEER TFAQRLMRYWANFARTGDPNDPRDPKAPQWPPYTAGAQQYVSLNLRPLEV RRGLRAQACAFWNRFLPKLLSATDTLDEAERQWKAEFHRWSSYMVHWKNQ FDHYSKQDRCSDL
To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a core set of 14,345 orthologs shared among seven mammalian species of which 1217 are absent or undetected in noneutherian (marsupial or monotreme) genomes. Cattle-specific evolutionary breakpoint regions in chromosomes have a higher density of segmental duplications, enrichment of repetitive elements, and species-specific variations in genes associated with lactation and immune responsiveness. Genes involved in metabolism are generally highly conserved, although five metabolic genes are deleted or extensively diverged from their human orthologs. The cattle genome sequence thus provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.
The bovine acetylcholinesterase (BoAChE) gene was cloned from genomic DNA and its structure was determined. Five exons coding for the AChE T-subunit and the alternative H-subunit were identified and their organization suggests high conservation of structure in mammalian AChE genes. The deduced amino acid sequence of the bovine T-subunit is highly similar to the human sequence, showing differences at 34 positions only. However, the cloned BoAChE sequence differs from the published amino acid sequence of AChE isolated from fetal bovine serum (FBS) by: (1) 13 amino acids, 12 of which are conserved between BoAChE and human AChE, and (2) the presence of four rather than five potential N-glycosylation sites. The full coding sequence of the mature BoAChE T-subunit was expressed in human embryonal kidney 293 cells (HEK-293). The catalytic properties of recombinant BoAChE and its reactivity towards various inhibitors were similar to those of the native bovine enzyme. Soluble recombinant BoAChE is composed of monomers, dimers and tetramers, yet in contrast to FBS-AChE, tetramer formation is not efficient. Comparative SDS/PAGE analysis reveals that all four potential N-glycosylation sites identified by DNA sequencing appear to be utilized, and that recombinant BoAChE comigrates with FBS-AChE. A major difference between the recombinant enzyme and the native enzyme was observed when clearance from circulation was examined. The HEK-293-derived enzyme was cleared from the circulation at a much faster rate than FBS-AChE. This difference in behaviour, together with previous studies on the effect of post-translation modification on human AChE clearance [Kronman, Velan, Marcus, Ordentlich, Reuveny and Shafferman (1995) Biochem. J. 311, 959-967] suggests that cell-dependent glycosylation plays a key role in AChE circulatory residence.
The complete amino acid sequence of a mammalian acetylcholinesterase from fetal bovine serum (FBS AChE) is presented. This enzyme has a high degree of sequence identity with other cholinesterases, liver carboxyesterases, esterase-6, lysophospholipase, and thyroglobulin. The locations of 191 amino acids in 10 regions of the FBS enzyme were compared with corresponding sequences of Torpedo, human, and Drosophila AChEs and human serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). In one region there is a marked difference in both the number of amino acids and their sequence between mammalian AChE and other AChEs and the human serum BChE. The amino acid sequence of FBS AChE showed overall homologies of 90% with human AChE, 60% with T. california AChE, 50% with human serum BChE, and 39% with Drosophila AChE in these regions.
Bos taurus (Bovine) Bos mutus (Yak) protein for bile-salt-activated lipase