(Below N is a link to NCBI taxonomic web page and E link to ESTHER at designed phylum.) > cellular organisms: NE > Eukaryota: NE > Opisthokonta: NE > Metazoa: NE > Eumetazoa: NE > Bilateria: NE > Protostomia: NE > Ecdysozoa: NE > Panarthropoda: NE > Arthropoda: NE > Mandibulata: NE > Pancrustacea: NE > Hexapoda: NE > Insecta: NE > Dicondylia: NE > Pterygota: NE > Neoptera: NE > Holometabola: NE > Diptera: NE > Brachycera: NE > Muscomorpha: NE > Eremoneura: NE > Cyclorrhapha: NE > Schizophora: NE > Acalyptratae: NE > Tephritoidea: NE > Tephritidae: NE > Dacinae: NE > Dacini: NE > Bactrocera [genus]: NE > Daculus: NE > Bactrocera oleae: NE
G488S : A small deletion in the olive fly acetylcholinesterase gene associated with high levels of organophosphate resistance I214V/G488S : Resistance-associated point mutations of organophosphate insensitive acetylcholinesterase, in the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae I214V : Resistance-associated point mutations of organophosphate insensitive acetylcholinesterase, in the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae Q642-644del : A small deletion in the olive fly acetylcholinesterase gene associated with high levels of organophosphate resistance
LegendThis sequence has been compared to family alignement (MSA) red => minority aminoacid blue => majority aminoacid color intensity => conservation rate title => sequence position(MSA position)aminoacid rate Catalytic site Catalytic site in the MSA MAHPTSLLAGASLAAASSLSSRQYSVASSSRLSGDIGRGLFAIVVLLLRM SSVYGVIDRLVVQTSSGPVRGRSVTVQGREVHVYTGIPYAKPPLDDLRFR KPVPAEPWHGVLDATRLPATCVQERYEYFPGFSGEEIWNPNTNVSEDCLY INVWAPAKARLRHGRGANGGEHSNKADTDHLIHNGNPQNITNGLPVLIWI YGGGFMTGTATLDIYNADIMSAVGNVIVASFQYRVGAFGFLHLSPAMPGY EEEAPGNVGLWDQALAIRWLKTNAHAFGGNPEWMTLFGESAGSSSVNAQL VSPVTAGLVKRGMMQSGTMNAPWSHMTSEKAVEIGKALINDCNCNASLLS ENPQAVMACMRAVDAKTISVQQWNSYSGILSFPSAPTIDGAFLPDHPMKM METADLRGYDILMGNVRDEGTYFLLYDFIDYFDKDEATSLPRDKYLEIMN NIFGKVKPAERDAIIFRHTSWVGNPGLENQQQIGRAVGDHFFTCPTNEYA QALAERGASVHYYYFTHRTSTSLWGEWMGVLHGDEIEYFFGQPSNTSLQY RQVERELGKRMLNAVIEFAKTGNPATDGEEWPYFSKKDPVYYVFSTDDKE EKLQRGPLEGRCAFWNEYLREVRKWGSQCEVKPSSASSLQQQQQHLLLQQ RSIVAFMLALSLVLKIPSVNAFF
References
Title: Geographical distribution and evolutionary history of organophosphate-resistant Ace alleles in the olive fly (Bactrocera oleae) Nardi F, Carapelli A, Vontas J, Dallai R, Roderick GK, Frati F Ref: Insect Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 36:593, 2006 : PubMed
Acetylcholinesterase (Ace) is the molecular target of organophosphate (OP) insecticides, and two mutations that confer different levels of OP insensitivity have previously been identified in the olive fly, Bactrocera oleae. Numerous sensitive and two insensitive alleles (including one convergent acquisition) are described from the entire worldwide distribution of the fly. Most of the variation is harbored in the native range of the species and in the Middle East and consists of numerous low-frequency sensitive alleles. The insensitive alleles likely came to high frequency more recently in the Mediterranean region or in the Middle East, reaching frequencies as high as 100% in some populations, and determined a corresponding decline in overall genetic variation. We hypothesize that the major force that shaped the current distribution of resistant and non-resistant acetylcholinesterase alleles is natural selection, likely responsible for the high frequency of insensitive alleles in areas where organophosphates have been used extensively. We also discuss a role for historical contingency, that can explain why sensitive alleles are absent altogether in the species ancestral range and present in areas of recent expansion, such as California, despite the limited use of OPs.
Title: Resistance-associated point mutations of organophosphate insensitive acetylcholinesterase, in the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae Vontas J, Hejazi MJ, Hawkes NJ, Cosmidis N, Loukas M, Hemingway J Ref: Insect Molecular Biology, 11:329, 2002 : PubMed
A 2.2-kb full length cDNA containing an ORF encoding a putative acetylcholinesterase (AChE) precursor of 673 amino acid residues was obtained by a combined degenerate PCR and RACE strategy from an organophosphate-susceptible Bactrocera oleae strain. A comparison of cDNA sequences of individual insects from susceptible and resistant strains, coupled with an enzyme inhibition assay with omethoate, indicated a novel glycine-serine substitution (G488S), at an amino acid residue which is highly conserved across species (G396 of Torpedocalifornica AChE), as a likely cause of AChE insensitivity. This mutation was also associated with a 35-40% reduction in AChE catalytic efficiency. The I199V substitution, which confers low levels of resistance in Drosophila, was also present in B. oleae (I214V) and in combination with G488S produced up to a 16-fold decrease in insecticide sensitivity. This is the first agricultural pest where resistance has been associated with an alteration in AChE, which arises from point mutations located within the active site gorge of the enzyme.
