Author Report for: Yan CNo contact information in database for Yan C
Zhao T, Liu S, Hanna NH, Jalal S, Ding X, Wan J, Yan C, Du H Ref: J Immunother Cancer, 11:, 2023 : PubMed ESTHER: Zhao_2023_J.Immunother.Cancer_11_ PubMedSearch: Zhao 2023 J.Immunother.Cancer 11 PubMedID: 36914206 Gene_locus related to this paper: mouse-1llip Abstract BACKGROUND: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells in tumor microenvironment, which suppress antitumor immunity. Expansion of various MDSC subpopulations is closely associated with poor clinical outcomes in cancer. Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is a key enzyme in the metabolic pathway of neutral lipids, whose deficiency (LAL-D) in mice induces the differentiation of myeloid lineage cells into MDSCs. These Lal (-/-) MDSCs not only suppress immune surveillance but also stimulate cancer cell proliferation and invasion. Understanding and elucidating the underlying mechanisms of MDSCs biogenesis will help to facilitate diagnosis/prognosis of cancer occurrence and prevent cancer growth and spreading. METHODS: Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed to distinguish intrinsic molecular and cellular differences between normal versus Lal (-/-) bone marrow-derived Ly6G(+) myeloid populations in mice. In humans, LAL expression and metabolic pathways in various myeloid subsets of blood samples of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were assessed by flow cytometry. The profiles of myeloid subsets were compared in patients with NSCLC before and after the treatment of programmed death-1 (PD-1) immunotherapy. RESULTS: scRNA-seq of Lal (-/-) CD11b(+)Ly6G(+) MDSCs identified two distinctive clusters with differential gene expression patterns and revealed a major metabolic shift towards glucose utilization and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. Blocking pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) in glycolysis reversed Lal (-/-) MDSCs' capabilities of immunosuppression and tumor growth stimulation and reduced ROS overproduction. In the blood samples of human patients with NSCLC, LAL expression was significantly decreased in CD13(+)/CD14(+)/CD15(+)/CD33(+) myeloid cell subsets. Further analysis in the blood of patients with NSCLC revealed an expansion of CD13(+)/CD14(+)/CD15(+) myeloid cell subsets, accompanied by upregulation of glucose-related and glutamine-related metabolic enzymes. Pharmacological inhibition of the LAL activity in the blood cells of healthy participants increased the numbers of CD13(+) and CD14(+) myeloid cell subsets. PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor treatment in patients with NSCLC reversed the increased number of CD13(+) and CD14(+) myeloid cell subsets and PDH levels in CD13(+) myeloid cells. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that LAL and the associated expansion of MDSCs could serve as targets and biomarkers for anticancer immunotherapy in humans. Title: Therapeutic efficacy of rscAAVrh74.miniCMV.LIPA gene therapy in a mouse model of lysosomal acid lipase deficiency Lam P, Ashbrook A, Zygmunt DA, Yan C, Du H, Martin PT Ref: Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev, 26:413, 2022 : PubMed ESTHER: Lam_2022_Mol.Ther.Methods.Clin.Dev_26_413 PubMedSearch: Lam 2022 Mol.Ther.Methods.Clin.Dev 26 413 PubMedID: 36092360 Gene_locus related to this paper: mouse-1llip, human-LIPA Abstract Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LAL-D) presents as one of two rare autosomal recessive diseases: Wolman disease (WD), a severe disorder presenting in infancy characterized by absent or very low LAL activity, and cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD), a less severe, later onset disease form. Recent clinical studies have shown efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy for both forms of LAL-D; however, no gene therapy approach has yet been developed for clinical use. Here, we show that rscAAVrh74.miniCMV.LIPA gene therapy can significantly improve disease symptoms in the Lipa (-/-) mouse model of LAL-D. Treatment dramatically lowered hepatosplenomegaly, liver and spleen triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and serum expression of markers of liver damage. Measures of liver inflammation and fibrosis were also reduced. Treatment of young adult mice was more effective than treatment of neonates, and enzyme activity was elevated in serum, consistent with possible bystander effects. These results demonstrate that adeno associated virus (AAV)-mediated LIPA gene-replacement therapy may be a viable option to treat patients with LAL-D, particularly patients with CESD. Title: Hemodynamic stress shapes subchondral bone in osteoarthritis: An emerging hypothesis Ni R, Guo XE, Yan C, Wen C Ref: J Orthop Translat, 32:85, 2022 : PubMed ESTHER: Ni_2022_J.Orthop.Translat_32_85 PubMedSearch: Ni 2022 J.Orthop.Translat 32 85 PubMedID: 35070712 Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is no longer regarded as a simple wear-and-tear problem of articular cartilage. Instead, OA is a whole joint disorder involving both cartilaginous and non-cartilaginous tissues such as subchondral bone and synovium. Among them, subchondral bone undergoes constant remodeling in response to the changes of mechanical environment. Current understanding of subchondral bone disturbance in OA is limited to its link with an altered local mechanical loading as a result of ligament or meniscus injury. Very recently, hypertension, the most common vascular morbidity, has been emerged as an independent risk factor of OA. It might suggest a plausible role of systemic hemodynamic mechanical stress in subchondral bone remodeling and the pathogenesis of OA. However, their relationship remains not fully understood. Based on our preliminary clinical observation on the association of hemodynamic parameters with subchondral bone mass and microstructure in late-stage knee OA patients, we formulate a vascular etiology hypothesis of OA from a mechanobiology perspective. Noteworthily, hemodynamic stress associated with subchondral bone mineral density; yet compressive mechanical loading does not. Furthermore, hemodynamic parameters positively correlated with subchondral plate-like trabecular bone volume but negatively associated with rod-like trabecular bone volume. In contrast, compressive mechanical loading tends to increase both plate-like and rod-like trabecular bone volume. Taken together, it warrants further investigations into the distinct role of hemodynamic or compressive stress in shaping subchondral bone in the pathophysiology of OA. THE TRANSLATIONAL POTENTIAL OF THIS ARTICLE: This work provides a new insight, from the angle of biomechanics, into the emerging role of vascular pathologies, such as hypertension, in the pathogenesis of OA. It might open up a new avenue for the development of a mechanism-based discovery of novel diagnostics and therapeutics. Title: Lysosomal acid lipase, CSF1R and PD-L1 determine functions of CD11c+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells Zhao T, Liu S, Ding X, Johnson EM, Hanna NH, Singh K, Sen CK, Wan J, Du H, Yan C Ref: JCI Insight, :, 2022 : PubMed ESTHER: Zhao_2022_JCI.Insight__ PubMedSearch: Zhao 2022 JCI.Insight PubMedID: 35917184 Abstract Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is a key enzyme in the metabolic pathway of neutral lipids. In the blood of LAL deficient (lal-/-) mice, increased CD11c+ cells were accompanied by up-regulated PD-L1 expression. Single cell RNA sequencing of lal-/- CD11c+ cells identified two distinctive clusters with a major metabolic shift towards glucose utilization and reactive oxygen species (ROS) over-production. Pharmacologically blocking pyruvate dehydrogenase in glycolysis not only reduced CD11c+ cells and their PD-L1 expression, but also reversed their capabilities of T cell suppression and tumor growth stimulation. Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) plays an essential role in controlling lal-/- CD11c+ cell homeostasis and function and PD-L1 expression. Inhibition of LAL activity by pharmacological inhibitor increased CD11c, PD-L1 and CSF1R levels in both normal murine myeloid cells and human blood cells. Tumor-bearing mice and human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients also showed CD11c+ cell expansion with PD-L1 and CSF1R up-regulation and immunosuppression. There were positive correlations among CD11c, PD-L1 and CSF1R expression and negative correlations with LAL expression in lung cancer and melanoma patients using the TCGA database and patient samples. Therefore, CD11c+ cells switched their functions to immune suppression and tumor growth stimulation through CSF1R/PD-L1 upregulation and metabolic reprogramming. Title: Lysosomal Acid Lipase Deficiency Controls T- and B-Regulatory Cell Homeostasis in the Lymph Nodes of Mice with Human Cancer Xenotransplants Ding X, Zhao T, Lee CC, Yan C, Du H Ref: American Journal of Pathology, 191:353, 2021 : PubMed ESTHER: Ding_2021_Am.J.Pathol_191_353 PubMedSearch: Ding 2021 Am.J.Pathol 191 353 PubMedID: 33159889 Abstract Utilization of proper preclinical models accelerates development of immunotherapeutics and the study of the interplay between human malignant cells and immune cells. Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is a critical lipid hydrolase that generates free fatty acids and cholesterol. Ablation of LAL suppresses immune rejection and allows growth of human lung cancer cells in lal(-/-) mice. In the lal(-/-) lymph nodes, the percentages of both T- and B-regulatory cells (Tregs and Bregs, respectively) are increased, with elevated expression of programmed death-ligand 1 and IL-10, and decreased expression of interferon-gamma. Levels of enzymes in the glucose and glutamine metabolic pathways are elevated in Tregs and Bregs of the lal(-/-) lymph nodes. Pharmacologic inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase, which controls the transition from glycolysis to the citric acid cycle, effectively reduces Treg and Breg elevation in the lal(-/-) lymph nodes. Blocking the mammalian target of rapamycin or reactivating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, an LAL downstream effector, reduces lal(-/-) Treg and Breg elevation and PD-L1 expression in lal(-/-) Tregs and Bregs, and improves human cancer cell rejection. Treatment with PD-L1 antibody also reduces Treg and Breg elevation in the lal(-/-) lymph nodes and improves human cancer cell rejection. These observations conclude that LAL-regulated lipid metabolism is essential to maintain antitumor immunity. Title: Correction to Near-Infrared Fluorescence Probe for Evaluating Acetylcholinesterase Activity in PC12 Cells and In Situ Tracing AChE Distribution in Zebrafish Ma J, Si T, Yan C, Li Y, Li Q, Lu X, Guo Y Ref: ACS Sens, :, 2020 : PubMed ESTHER: Ma_2020_ACS.Sens__ PubMedSearch: Ma 2020 ACS.Sens PubMedID: 32196313 Gene_locus related to this paper: danre-ACHE Title: Near-Infrared Fluorescence Probe for Evaluating Acetylcholinesterase Activity in PC12 Cells and In Situ Tracing AChE Distribution in Zebrafish Ma J, Si T, Yan C, Li Y, Li Q, Lu X, Guo Y Ref: ACS Sens, 5:83, 2020 : PubMed ESTHER: Ma_2020_ACS.Sens_5_83 PubMedSearch: Ma 2020 ACS.Sens 5 83 PubMedID: 31875385 Gene_locus related to this paper: danre-ACHE Abstract Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays crucial roles in numerous physiological processes such as cell differentiation, cell apoptosis, and nerve tissue developments. Hence, it is highly necessary to design a fluorescent probe for monitoring AChE activity in complex living organisms. In this work, a near-infrared (NIR) off-on probe (CyN) was developed for AChE detection. CyN was exactly synthesized by introducing an N,N-dimethyl carbamyl moiety to hemicyanine (CyOH). AChE can "light up" strong NIR fluorescence through a cleavage special ester bond and transform CyN into CyOH. Moreover, CyN was qualified for imaging the dynamic change of AChE activity in PC12 cells with retinoic acid or hypoxia stimulation. In particular, the probe has been successfully applied for in situ tracing the intact distribution of AChE in living zebrafish. The observations indicate that major occurrence sites of endogenic AChE on zebrafish are the yolk sac and neuromasts. Overall, CyN shows great potential for use in AChE-related physiological studies. Title: Lysosomal Acid Lipase Is Required for Donor T Cells to Induce Graft-versus-Host Disease Nguyen HD, Ticer T, Bastian D, Kuril S, Li H, Du H, Yan C, Yu XZ Ref: Cell Rep, 33:108316, 2020 : PubMed ESTHER: Nguyen_2020_Cell.Rep_33_108316 PubMedSearch: Nguyen 2020 Cell.Rep 33 108316 PubMedID: 33113360 Abstract Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) limits the success of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) mediates the intrinsic lipolysis of cells to generate free fatty acids (FFAs), which play an essential role in the development, proliferation, and function of T cells. Here, we find that LAL is essential for donor T cells to induce GVHD in murine models of allo-HCT. Specifically, LAL is required for donor T cell survival, differentiation, and alloreactivity in GVHD target organs, but not in lymphoid organs. LAL induces the differentiation of donor T cells toward GVHD pathogenic Th1/Tc1 and Th17 while suppressing regulatory T cell generation. LAL(-/-) T cells succumb to oxidative stress and become anergic in target organs. Pharmacologically targeting LAL effectively prevents GVHD development while preserving the GVL activity. Thus, the present study reveals the role of LAL in T cell alloresponse and pathogenicity and validates LAL as a target for controlling GVHD and tumor relapse after allo-HCT. Title: Efficacy and safety of DBPR108 monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial Wang W, Yao J, Guo X, Guo Y, Yan C, Liu K, Zhang Y, Wang X, Li H and Yuan J <22 more author(s)> Wang W, Yao J, Guo X, Guo Y, Yan C, Liu K, Zhang Y, Wang X, Li H, Wen Z, Li S, Xiao X, Liu W, Li Z, Zhang L, Shao S, Ye S, Qin G, Li Y, Li F, Zhang X, Li X, Peng Y, Deng H, Xu X, Zhou L, Huang Y, Cao M, Xia X, Shi M, Dou J, Yuan J (- 22) Ref: Curr Med Res Opin, 36:1107, 2020 : PubMed ESTHER: Wang_2020_Curr.Med.Res.Opin_36_1107 PubMedSearch: Wang 2020 Curr.Med.Res.Opin 36 1107 PubMedID: 32338063 Inhibitor(s) related to this paper: Prusogliptin Abstract Objective: DBPR108, a novel dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitor, has shown great antihyperglycemic effect in animal models. This study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DBPR108 monotherapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods: This was a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II clinical trial. The newly diagnosed or inadequately controlled untreated T2DM patients were randomized to receive 50, 100, 200 mg DBPR108 or placebo in a ratio of 1:1:1:1. The primary efficacy outcome was HbA1c change from baseline to week 12. Relevant secondary efficacy parameters and safety were assessed. The clinical trial registration is NCT04124484.Results: Overall, 271 of the 276 randomized patients, who received 50 mg (n = 68), 100 mg (n = 67), 200 mg (n = 69) DBPR108 or placebo (n = 67), were included in full analysis set. At week 12, HbA1c change from baseline was -0.04 +/- 0.77 in placebo group, -0.51 +/- 0.71, -0.75 +/- 0.73, and -0.57 +/- 0.78 (%, p < .001 vs. placebo) in 50, 100, and 200 mg DBPR108 groups, respectively. Since week 4, DBPR108 monotherapy resulted in significant improvements in secondary efficacy parameters. At end of 12-week treatment, the goal of HbA1c >=7% was achieved in 29.85, 58.82, 55.22, and 47.83% of the patients in placebo, 50, 100, and 200 mg DBPR108 groups, respectively. The incidence of adverse events did not show significant difference between DBPR108 and placebo except mild hypoglycemia in DBPR108 200 mg group.Conclusions: The study results support DBPR108 100 mg once daily as the primary dosing regimen for T2DM patients in phase III development program. Title: Acetylcholinesterase-functionalized two-dimensional photonic crystal for the sensing of G-series nerve agents Qi F, Yan C, Meng Z, Li S, Xu J, Hu X, Xue M Ref: Anal Bioanal Chem, 411:2577, 2019 : PubMed ESTHER: Qi_2019_Anal.Bioanal.Chem_411_2577 PubMedSearch: Qi 2019 Anal.Bioanal.Chem 411 2577 PubMedID: 30847569 Abstract G-series nerve agents, such as sarin, tabun, and soman, would cause tremendous harm in military and terrorist attacks, so it is necessary to develop a simple method for the rapid and efficient detection of these hazardous substances. We have developed a tunable acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-functionalized two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D PhC) for the detection of a real nerve agent, sarin. In accordance with the 2D PhC previously prepared by our group, the AChE-functionalized 2D PhC was optimized by adjustment of the amount of monomer in the hydrogel, which not only increased the sensitivity of the 2D PhC, with the detection limit decreasing by two orders of magnitude, but also ensured the structural color spanned the whole visible region in the detection range. A linear relationship between the logarithm of the sarin concentration and the particle spacing of the AChE-functionalized 2D PhC was observed from 7.1 x 10(-17) to 7.1 x 10(-4) mol/L. The AChE-functionalized 2D PhC also responded to mimics of G-series nerve agents, including dimethyl methylphosphonate, diisopropyl methylphosphonate, and isodipropyl methylphosphonate, to various degrees. The proposed 2D-PhC hydrogel has potential for low-cost, trace-level, and on-site monitoring of other G-series nerve agents. Graphical abstract. Title: Structural Features and Digestive Behavior of Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate from Sea Cucumbers Stichopus japonicus Zhu Z, Dong X, Yan C, Ai C, Zhou D, Yang J, Zhang H, Liu X, Song S and Zhu B <1 more author(s)> Zhu Z, Dong X, Yan C, Ai C, Zhou D, Yang J, Zhang H, Liu X, Song S, Xiao H, Zhu B (- 1) Ref: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 67:10534, 2019 : PubMed ESTHER: Zhu_2019_J.Agric.Food.Chem_67_10534 PubMedSearch: Zhu 2019 J.Agric.Food.Chem 67 10534 PubMedID: 31464434 Abstract Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus (FCSSJ) has been demonstrated with various biological activities; however, its precise structure is still controversial, and digestive behavior remains poorly understood. FCSSJ was purified, and its detailed structure was elucidated mainly based on the NMR spectroscopic methods. Its main chain was characterized as -->4)-beta-d-GlcA-(1 --> 3)-beta-d-GalNAc-(1--> with GalNAc4S6S:GalNAc4S in a ratio of 1.5:1, and three types of sulfated fucosyl branches attaching C-3 of GlcA, namely, Fucp2S4S, Fucp3S4S, and Fucp4S, were found in a ratio of 2:1.5:1. The digestibility of FCSSJ was investigated in vitro, and the unchanged molecular weight and reducing sugar content indicated that FCSSJ was not broken down under salivary and gastrointestinal digestion. Furthermore, FCSSJ showed a significant inhibitory impact on pancreatic lipase dose-dependently but not on alpha-amylase, indicating that the inhibition of pancreatic lipase by FCSSJ might be a pathway for its hypolipidemic effect. These findings propose a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and provide insight into the mechanism of its physiological effects in the digestion system. Title: Inhibition of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase 2 Ameliorates Diabetic Keratopathy and Impaired Wound Healing in Mouse Corneas Sun H, Lee P, Yan C, Gao N, Wang J, Fan X, Yu FS Ref: Diabetes, 67:1162, 2018 : PubMed ESTHER: Sun_2018_Diabetes_67_1162 PubMedSearch: Sun 2018 Diabetes 67 1162 PubMedID: 29615440 Abstract EPHX2 (encoding soluble epoxide hydrolase [sEH]) converts biologically active epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), anti-inflammatory and profibrinolytic effectors, into the less biologically active metabolites, dihydroxyeicostrienoic acids. We sought to characterize the expression and the function of EPHX2 in diabetic corneas and during wound healing. The expression of EPHX2 at both mRNA and protein levels, as well as sEH enzymatic activity, was markedly upregulated in the tissues/cells, including corneal epithelial cells as well as the retina of human type 2 and mouse type 1 (streptozotocin [STZ] induced) and/or type 2 diabetes. Ephx2 depletion had no detectable effects on STZ-induced hyperglycemia but prevented the development of tear deficiency. Ephx2(-/-) mice showed an acceleration of hyperglycemia-delayed epithelium wound healing. Moreover, inhibition of sEH increased the rate of epithelium wound closure and restored hyperglycemia-suppressed STAT3 activation and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in the diabetic corneas. Treatment of diabetic corneas with cobalt protoporphyrin, a well-known HO-1 inducer, restored wound-induced HO-1 upregulation and accelerated delayed wound healing. Finally, Ephx2 depletion enhanced sensory innervation and regeneration in diabetic corneas at 1 month after epithelial debridement. Our data suggest that increased sEH activity may be a contributing factor for diabetic corneal complications; targeting sEH pharmacologically or supplementing EETs may represent a new, adjunctive therapy for treating diabetic keratopathy. Title: Complex role of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the trophic transfer of arsenic from Nannochloropsis maritima to Artemia salina nauplii Yang F, Zeng L, Luo Z, Wang Z, Huang F, Wang Q, Drobne D, Yan C Ref: Aquat Toxicol, 198:231, 2018 : PubMed ESTHER: Yang_2018_Aquat.Toxicol_198_231 PubMedSearch: Yang 2018 Aquat.Toxicol 198 231 PubMedID: 29558708 Abstract Increasing concern has been focused on the potential risks associated with the trophic transfer to aquatic organisms of ambient contaminants in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2). This study investigated the influence of nano-TiO2 on the trophic transfer of arsenic (As) from the microalgae Nannochloropsis maritima to the brine shrimp Artemia salina nauplii. We found that nano-TiO2 could significantly facilitate As sorption on N. maritima within an exposure period of 24h, and this sorption subsequently led to higher As trophic transfer from the algae to A. salina according to trophic transfer factors (TTFAs+nano-TiO2>TTFAs). However, after 48h of depuration, the retention of As in A. salina fed As-nano-TiO2-contaminated algae was even lower than that in A. salina fed As-contaminated algae at the same exposure concentrations. This result indicates that the increased food chain transfer of As in the presence of nano-TiO2 can be explained by adsorption of As onto nano-TiO2 in contaminated food (algae), but the bioavailability of As in A. salina is reduced after the introduction of nanoparticles. Although the stress enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in A. salina at a lower As concentration treatment in the presence of nano-TiO2 were not significantly changed, they increased with higher exposure concentrations of As with or without nano-TiO2. Our study highlighted the complex role of nanomaterials in the transfer of ambient contaminants via trophic chains and the potential of nano-TiO2 to reduce the bioavailability of As via trophic transfer to saltwater zooplankton. Title: Lysosome-mediated degradation of a distinct pool of lipid droplets during hepatic stellate cell activation Tuohetahuntila M, Molenaar MR, Spee B, Brouwers JF, Wubbolts R, Houweling M, Yan C, Du H, VanderVen BC and Helms JB <1 more author(s)> Tuohetahuntila M, Molenaar MR, Spee B, Brouwers JF, Wubbolts R, Houweling M, Yan C, Du H, VanderVen BC, Vaandrager AB, Helms JB (- 1) Ref: Journal of Biological Chemistry, 292:12436, 2017 : PubMed ESTHER: Tuohetahuntila_2017_J.Biol.Chem_292_12436 PubMedSearch: Tuohetahuntila 2017 J.Biol.Chem 292 12436 PubMedID: 28615446 Abstract Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a critical step in the development of liver fibrosis. During activation, HSCs lose their lipid droplets (LDs) containing triacylglycerols (TAGs), cholesteryl esters, and retinyl esters (REs). We previously provided evidence for the presence of two distinct LD pools, a preexisting and a dynamic LD pool. Here we investigate the mechanisms of neutral lipid metabolism in the preexisting LD pool. To investigate the involvement of lysosomal degradation of neutral lipids, we studied the effect of lalistat, a specific lysosomal acid lipase (LAL/Lipa) inhibitor on LD degradation in HSCs during activation in vitro The LAL inhibitor increased the levels of TAG, cholesteryl ester, and RE in both rat and mouse HSCs. Lalistat was less potent in inhibiting the degradation of newly synthesized TAG species as compared with a more general lipase inhibitor orlistat. Lalistat also induced the presence of RE-containing LDs in an acidic compartment. However, targeted deletion of the Lipa gene in mice decreased the liver levels of RE, most likely as the result of a gradual disappearance of HSCs in livers of Lipa(-/-) mice. Lalistat partially inhibited the induction of activation marker alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) in rat and mouse HSCs. Our data suggest that LAL/Lipa is involved in the degradation of a specific preexisting pool of LDs and that inhibition of this pathway attenuates HSC activation. Title: Endothelial Rab7 GTPase mediates tumor growth and metastasis in lysosomal acid lipase-deficient mice Zhao T, Ding X, Yan C, Du H Ref: Journal of Biological Chemistry, 292:19198, 2017 : PubMed ESTHER: Zhao_2017_J.Biol.Chem_292_19198 PubMedSearch: Zhao 2017 J.Biol.Chem 292 19198 PubMedID: 28924047 Gene_locus related to this paper: mouse-1llip Abstract Tumors depend on their microenvironment for sustained growth, invasion, and metastasis. In this environment, endothelial cells (ECs) are an important stromal cell type interacting with malignant cells to facilitate tumor angiogenesis and cancer cell extravasation. Of note, lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) deficiency facilitates melanoma growth and metastasis. ECs from LAL-deficient (lal(-/-)) mice possess enhanced proliferation, migration, and permeability of inflammatory cells by activating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Here we report that lal(-/-) ECs facilitated in vivo tumor angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis, largely by stimulating tumor cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, and transendothelial migration via increased expression of IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). This prompted us to look for lysosomal proteins that are involved in lal(-/-) EC dysfunctions. We found that lal(-/-) ECs displayed increased expression of Rab7, a late endosome/lysosome-associated small GTPase. Moreover, Rab7 and mTOR were co-increased and co-localized to lysosomes and physically interacted in lal(-/-) ECs. Rab7 inhibition reversed lal(-/-) EC dysfunctions, including decreasing their enhanced migration and permeability of tumor-stimulatory myeloid cells, and suppressed EC-mediated stimulation of in vitro tumor cell transmigration, proliferation, and migration and in vivo tumor growth and metastasis. Finally, Rab7 inhibition reduced overproduction of reactive oxygen species and increased IL-6 and MCP-1 secretion in lal(-/-) ECs. Our results indicate that metabolic reprogramming resulting from LAL deficiency enhances the ability of ECs to stimulate tumor cell proliferation and metastasis through stimulation of lysosome-anchored Rab7 activity. Title: Lysosomal Acid Lipase Hydrolyzes Retinyl Ester and Affects Retinoid Turnover Grumet L, Eichmann TO, Taschler U, Zierler KA, Leopold C, Moustafa T, Radovic B, Romauch M, Yan C and Lass A <6 more author(s)> Grumet L, Eichmann TO, Taschler U, Zierler KA, Leopold C, Moustafa T, Radovic B, Romauch M, Yan C, Du H, Haemmerle G, Zechner R, Fickert P, Kratky D, Zimmermann R, Lass A (- 6) Ref: Journal of Biological Chemistry, 291:17977, 2016 : PubMed ESTHER: Grumet_2016_J.Biol.Chem_291_17977 PubMedSearch: Grumet 2016 J.Biol.Chem 291 17977 PubMedID: 27354281 Gene_locus related to this paper: human-LIPA, mouse-1llip Abstract Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is essential for the clearance of endocytosed cholesteryl ester and triglyceride-rich chylomicron remnants. Humans and mice with defective or absent LAL activity accumulate large amounts of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides in multiple tissues. Although chylomicrons also contain retinyl esters (REs), a role of LAL in the clearance of endocytosed REs has not been reported. In this study, we found that murine LAL exhibits RE hydrolase activity. Pharmacological inhibition of LAL in the human hepatocyte cell line HepG2, incubated with chylomicrons, led to increased accumulation of REs in endosomal/lysosomal fractions. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of LAL in murine liver largely reduced in vitro acid RE hydrolase activity. Interestingly, LAL-deficient mice exhibited increased RE content in the duodenum and jejunum but decreased RE content in the liver. Furthermore, LAL-deficient mice challenged with RE gavage exhibited largely reduced post-prandial circulating RE content, indicating that LAL is required for efficient nutritional vitamin A availability. In summary, our results indicate that LAL is the major acid RE hydrolase and required for functional retinoid homeostasis. Title: Functionalized photonic crystal for the sensing of Sarin agents Yan C, Qi F, Li S, Xu J, Liu C, Meng Z, Qiu L, Xue M, Lu W, Yan Z Ref: Talanta, 159:412, 2016 : PubMed ESTHER: Yan_2016_Talanta_159_412 PubMedSearch: Yan 2016 Talanta 159 412 PubMedID: 27474325 Abstract The indiscriminate use of nerve agents by terrorist groups has attracted attention of the scientific communities toward the development of novel sensor technique for these deadly chemicals. A photonic crystal (PhC) hydrogel immobilized with butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) was firstly prepared for the sensing of Sarin agents. Periodic polystyrene colloidal (240nm) array was embedded inside an acrylamide hydrogel, and then BuChE was immobilized inside the hydrogel matrix via condensation with 3-(diethoxyphosphoryloxy)-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3h)-one (DEPBT). It indicated that a total of 3.7 units of BuChE were immobilized onto the PhC hydrogel. The functionalized hydrogel recognized the Sarin agent and then shrunk, thus the diffraction of PhC hydrogel blue shifted significantly, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 10(-15)molL(-1) was achieved. Title: DWARF14 is a non-canonical hormone receptor for strigolactone Yao R, Ming Z, Yan L, Li S, Wang F, Ma S, Yu C, Yang M, Chen L and Xie D <15 more author(s)> Yao R, Ming Z, Yan L, Li S, Wang F, Ma S, Yu C, Yang M, Chen L, Li Y, Yan C, Miao D, Sun Z, Yan J, Sun Y, Wang L, Chu J, Fan S, He W, Deng H, Nan F, Li J, Rao Z, Lou Z, Xie D (- 15) Ref: Nature, 536:469, 2016 : PubMed ESTHER: Yao_2016_Nature_536_469 PubMedSearch: Yao 2016 Nature 536 469 PubMedID: 27479325 Gene_locus related to this paper: arath-AtD14 Abstract Classical hormone receptors reversibly and non-covalently bind active hormone molecules, which are generated by biosynthetic enzymes, to trigger signal transduction. The alpha/beta hydrolase DWARF14 (D14), which hydrolyses the plant branching hormone strigolactone and interacts with the F-box protein D3/MAX2, is probably involved in strigolactone detection. However, the active form of strigolactone has yet to be identified and it is unclear which protein directly binds the active form of strigolactone, and in which manner, to act as the genuine strigolactone receptor. Here we report the crystal structure of the strigolactone-induced AtD14-D3-ASK1 complex, reveal that Arabidopsis thaliana (At)D14 undergoes an open-to-closed state transition to trigger strigolactone signalling, and demonstrate that strigolactone is hydrolysed into a covalently linked intermediate molecule (CLIM) to initiate a conformational change of AtD14 to facilitate interaction with D3. Notably, analyses of a highly branched Arabidopsis mutant d14-5 show that the AtD14(G158E) mutant maintains enzyme activity to hydrolyse strigolactone, but fails to efficiently interact with D3/MAX2 and loses the ability to act as a receptor that triggers strigolactone signalling in planta. These findings uncover a mechanism underlying the allosteric activation of AtD14 by strigolactone hydrolysis into CLIM, and define AtD14 as a non-canonical hormone receptor with dual functions to generate and sense the active form of strigolactone. Title: Hepatocyte-Specific Expression of Human Lysosome Acid Lipase Corrects Liver Inflammation and Tumor Metastasis in lal(-/-) Mice Du H, Zhao T, Ding X, Yan C Ref: American Journal of Pathology, 185:2379, 2015 : PubMed ESTHER: Du_2015_Am.J.Pathol_185_2379 PubMedSearch: Du 2015 Am.J.Pathol 185 2379 PubMedID: 26212911 Gene_locus related to this paper: mouse-1llip Abstract The liver is a major organ for lipid synthesis and metabolism. Deficiency of lysosomal acid lipase (LAL; official name Lipa, encoded by Lipa) in mice (lal(-/-)) results in enlarged liver size due to neutral lipid storage in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. To test the functional role of LAL in hepatocyte, hepatocyte-specific expression of human LAL (hLAL) in lal(-/-) mice was established by cross-breeding of liver-activated promoter (LAP)-driven tTA transgene and (tetO)7-CMV-hLAL transgene with lal(-/-) knockout (KO) (LAP-Tg/KO) triple mice. Hepatocyte-specific expression of hLAL in LAP-Tg/KO triple mice reduced the liver size to the normal level by decreasing lipid storage in both hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. hLAL expression reduced tumor-promoting myeloid-derived suppressive cells in the liver of lal(-/-) mice. As a result, B16 melanoma metastasis to the liver was almost completely blocked. Expression and secretion of multiple tumor-promoting cytokines or chemokines in the liver were also significantly reduced. Because hLAL is a secretory protein, lal(-/-) phenotypes in other compartments (eg, blood, spleen, and lung) also ameliorated, including systemic reduction of myeloid-derived suppressive cells, an increase in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T and B lymphocytes, and reduced B16 melanoma metastasis in the lung. These results support a concept that LAL in hepatocytes is a critical metabolic enzyme in controlling neutral lipid metabolism, liver homeostasis, immune response, and tumor metastasis. Title: D14-SCFD3-dependent degradation of D53 regulates strigolactone signalling Zhou F, Lin Q, Zhu L, Ren Y, Zhou K, Shabek N, Wu F, Mao H, Dong W and Wan J <24 more author(s)> Zhou F, Lin Q, Zhu L, Ren Y, Zhou K, Shabek N, Wu F, Mao H, Dong W, Gan L, Ma W, Gao H, Chen J, Yang C, Wang D, Tan J, Zhang X, Guo X, Wang J, Jiang L, Liu X, Chen W, Chu J, Yan C, Ueno K, Ito S, Asami T, Cheng Z, Lei C, Zhai H, Wu C, Wang H, Zheng N, Wan J (- 24) Ref: Nature, 504:406, 2013 : PubMed ESTHER: Zhou_2013_Nature_504_406 PubMedSearch: Zhou 2013 Nature 504 406 PubMedID: 24336215 Abstract Strigolactones (SLs), a newly discovered class of carotenoid-derived phytohormones, are essential for developmental processes that shape plant architecture and interactions with parasitic weeds and symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Despite the rapid progress in elucidating the SL biosynthetic pathway, the perception and signalling mechanisms of SL remain poorly understood. Here we show that DWARF 53 (D53) acts as a repressor of SL signalling and that SLs induce its degradation. We find that the rice (Oryza sativa) d53 mutant, which produces an exaggerated number of tillers compared to wild-type plants, is caused by a gain-of-function mutation and is insensitive to exogenous SL treatment. The D53 gene product shares predicted features with the class I Clp ATPase proteins and can form a complex with the alpha/beta hydrolase protein DWARF 14 (D14) and the F-box protein DWARF 3 (D3), two previously identified signalling components potentially responsible for SL perception. We demonstrate that, in a D14- and D3-dependent manner, SLs induce D53 degradation by the proteasome and abrogate its activity in promoting axillary bud outgrowth. Our combined genetic and biochemical data reveal that D53 acts as a repressor of the SL signalling pathway, whose hormone-induced degradation represents a key molecular link between SL perception and responses. Title: Gene profile of myeloid-derived suppressive cells from the bone marrow of lysosomal acid lipase knock-out mice Yan C, Ding X, Dasgupta N, Wu L, Du H Ref: PLoS ONE, 7:e30701, 2012 : PubMed ESTHER: Yan_2012_PLoS.One_7_e30701 PubMedSearch: Yan 2012 PLoS.One 7 e30701 PubMedID: 22383970 Abstract BACKGROUND: Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) controls development and homeostasis of myeloid lineage cells. Loss of the lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) function leads to expansion of myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSCs) that cause myeloproliferative neoplasm. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Affymetrix GeneChip microarray analysis identified detailed intrinsic defects in Ly6G(+) myeloid lineage cells of LAL knock-out (lal-/-) mice. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which functions as a nutrient/energy/redox sensor, and controls cell growth, cell cycle entry, cell survival, and cell motility. Loss of the LAL function led to major alteration of large GTPase and small GTPase signal transduction pathways. lal-/- Ly6G(+) myeloid cells in the bone marrow showed substantial increase of cell proliferation in association with up-regulation of cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) genes. The epigenetic microenvironment was significantly changed due to the increased expression of multiple histone cluster genes, centromere protein genes and chromosome modification genes. Gene expression of bioenergetic pathways, including glycolysis, aerobic glycolysis, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and respiratory chain proteins, was also increased, while the mitochondrial function was impaired in lal-/- Ly6G(+) myeloid cells. The concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly increased accompanied by up-regulation of nitric oxide/ROS production genes in these cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This comprehensive gene profile study for the first time identifies and defines important gene pathways involved in the myeloid lineage cells towards MDSCs using lal-/- mouse model. Title: Repeated exposures to chlorpyrifos lead to spatial memory retrieval impairment and motor activity alteration Yan C, Jiao L, Zhao J, Yang H, Peng S Ref: Neurotoxicology & Teratology, 34:442, 2012 : PubMed ESTHER: Yan_2012_Neurotoxicol.Teratol_34_442 PubMedSearch: Yan 2012 Neurotoxicol.Teratol 34 442 PubMedID: 22640976 Abstract Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most commonly used insecticides throughout the world and has become one of the major pesticides detected in farm products. Chronic exposures to CPF, especially at the dosages without eliciting any systemic toxicity, require greater attention. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the behavioral effects of repeated low doses (doses that do not produce overt signs of cholinergic toxicity) of CPF in adult rats. Male rats were given 0, 1.0, 5.0 or 10.0mg/kg of CPF through intragastric administration daily for 4 consecutive weeks. The behavioral functions were assessed in a series of behavioral tests, including water maze task, open-field test, grip strength and rotarod test. Furthermore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of repeated exposures to CPF on water maze recall and not acquisition. The results showed that the selected doses only had mild inhibition effects on cholinesterase activity, and have no effects on weight gain and daily food consumption. Performances in the spatial retention task (Morris water maze) were impaired after the 4-week exposure to CPF, but the performances of grip strength and rotarod test were not affected. Motor activities in the open field were changed, especially the time spent in the central zone increased. The results indicated that repeated exposures to low doses of CPF may lead to spatial recall impairments, behavioral abnormalities. However, the underlying mechanism needs further investigations. Title: Critical roles of lysosomal acid lipase in myelopoiesis Qu P, Shelley WC, Yoder MC, Wu L, Du H, Yan C Ref: American Journal of Pathology, 176:2394, 2010 : PubMed ESTHER: Qu_2010_Am.J.Pathol_176_2394 PubMedSearch: Qu 2010 Am.J.Pathol 176 2394 PubMedID: 20348241 Gene_locus related to this paper: mouse-1llip Abstract Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is a key enzyme that cleaves cholesteryl esters and triglycerides to generate free fatty acids and cholesterol in lysosomes. Genetic ablation of the lal gene (lal(-/-)) in mice has resulted in a systemic increase of macrophages and neutrophils, causing severe inflammation and pathogenesis in multiple organs. We hypothesized that aberrant growth and differentiation of myeloid cells in lal(-/-) mice arises from dysregulated production of progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Indeed, lal(-/-) mice displayed increased numbers of primitive lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-Kit(+) (LSK) cells and granulocyte-macrophage precursors (GMP). Increased high proliferative potential colony-forming cells (HPP-CFC) were enumerated from cultured lal(-/-) bone marrow cells, as were significantly more CFU-GM, CFU-G, and CFU-M colonies. As a consequence, lal(-/-) mice developed significant myeloid infiltration, particularly with CD11b+/Gr-1+ myeloid-derived suppressive cells in multiple organs. Both decreased apoptosis and increased proliferation contribute to the systemic increase of myeloid cells in lal(-/-) myeloid cells. These lal(-/-) CD11b(+)/Gr-1(+) cells displayed suppressive activity on T cell proliferation and function in vitro. Bone marrow chimeras confirmed that the myeloproliferative disorder in lal(-/-) mice was primarily attributable to autonomous defects in myeloid progenitor cells, although the hematopoietic microenvironment in the lal(-/-) mice did not support hematopoiesis normally. These results provide evidence that LAL is an important regulator of myelopoiesis during hematopoietic development, differentiation, and homeostasis. Title: DWARF27, an iron-containing protein required for the biosynthesis of strigolactones, regulates rice tiller bud outgrowth Lin H, Wang R, Qian Q, Yan M, Meng X, Fu Z, Yan C, Jiang B, Su Z and Wang Y <1 more author(s)> Lin H, Wang R, Qian Q, Yan M, Meng X, Fu Z, Yan C, Jiang B, Su Z, Li J, Wang Y (- 1) Ref: Plant Cell, 21:1512, 2009 : PubMed ESTHER: Lin_2009_Plant.Cell_21_1512 PubMedSearch: Lin 2009 Plant.Cell 21 1512 PubMedID: 19470589 Abstract Tillering in rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important agronomic traits that determine grain yields. Previous studies on rice tillering mutants have shown that the outgrowth of tiller buds in rice is regulated by a carotenoid-derived MAX/RMS/D (more axillary branching) pathway, which may be conserved in higher plants. Strigolactones, a group of terpenoid lactones, have been recently identified as products of the MAX/RMS/D pathway that inhibits axillary bud outgrowth. We report here the molecular genetic characterization of d27, a classic rice mutant exhibiting increased tillers and reduced plant height. D27 encodes a novel iron-containing protein that localizes in chloroplasts and is expressed mainly in vascular cells of shoots and roots. The phenotype of d27 is correlated with enhanced polar auxin transport. The phenotypes of the d27 d10 double mutant are similar to those of d10, a mutant defective in the ortholog of MAX4/RMS1 in rice. In addition, 2'-epi-5-deoxystrigol, an identified strigolactone in root exudates of rice seedlings, was undetectable in d27, and the phenotypes of d27 could be rescued by supplementation with GR24, a synthetic strigolactone analog. Our results demonstrate that D27 is involved in the MAX/RMS/D pathway, in which D27 acts as a new member participating in the biosynthesis of strigolactones. Title: Critical roles of lysosomal acid lipase in T cell development and function Qu P, Du H, Wilkes DS, Yan C Ref: American Journal of Pathology, 174:944, 2009 : PubMed ESTHER: Qu_2009_Am.J.Pathol_174_944 PubMedSearch: Qu 2009 Am.J.Pathol 174 944 PubMedID: 19179613 Gene_locus related to this paper: mouse-1llip Abstract Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) cleaves cholesteryl esters and triglycerides to generate free fatty acids and cholesterol in lysosomes. In LAL gene-knockout (lal(-/-)) mice, blockage of cholesteryl ester and triglyceride metabolism led to abnormal organization of the thymus and spleen, as well as neutral lipid accumulation in these organs. LAL deficiency impaired T cell development in the thymus. Peripheral T cells were reduced dramatically in lal(-/-) mice, due largely to increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation of lal(-/-) T cells in the thymus and peripheral compartments. These lal(-/-) T cells lost the ability to respond to T cell receptor stimulation, including reduced expression of cell surface receptor CD69, abolishment of T cell proliferation, and decreased expression of T lymphokines after stimulation by either anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and ionomycin. Differentiation of Th1 and Th2 CD4(+) effector lymphocytes by T cell receptor stimulation was blocked in lal(-/-) mice. The ratio of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) Tregs to CD4(+) T cells was increased in lal(-/-) spleens. Bone marrow chimeras demonstrated retardation of T cell development and maturation in lal(-/-) mice due to defects in T cell precursors. Therefore, LAL, its downstream genes, and lipid mediators all play essential roles in development, homeostasis, and function of T cells. The altered development and function of lal(-/-) T cells contributes to disease formation in various organs during LAL deficiency. Title: Lysosomal acid lipase over-expression disrupts lamellar body genesis and alveolar structure in the lung Li Y, Qin Y, Li H, Wu R, Yan C, Du H Ref: International Journal of Experimental Pathology, 88:427, 2007 : PubMed ESTHER: Li_2007_Int.J.Exp.Pathol_88_427 PubMedSearch: Li 2007 Int.J.Exp.Pathol 88 427 PubMedID: 18039279 Gene_locus related to this paper: mouse-1llip Abstract The functional role of neutral lipids in the lung is poorly understood. Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is a critical enzyme in hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides to generate free fatty acids and cholesterol in lysosomes. Human LAL was over-expressed in a doxycycline-controlled system in mouse respiratory epithelial cells to accelerate intracellular neutral lipid degradation and perturb the surfactant homeostasis in the lung. In this animal system, neutral lipid concentrations of pulmonary surfactant were reduced in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in association with decrease of surfactant protein C (SP-C) gene expression. The size and the number of lamellar bodies in alveolar type II epithelial cells (AT II cells) were significantly reduced accordingly. The number of macrophages required for surfactant recycling in BALF was also significantly reduced. As a result of these combinatory effects, emphysema of the alveolar structure was observed. Taken together, neutral lipid homeostasis is essential for maintenance of lamellar body genesis and the alveolar structure in the lung. Title: Gene delivery by the hSP-B promoter to lung alveolar type II epithelial cells in LAL-knockout mice through bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells Yan C, Lian X, Dai Y, Wang X, Qu P, White A, Qin Y, Du H Ref: Gene Therapy, 14:1461, 2007 : PubMed ESTHER: Yan_2007_Gene.Ther_14_1461 PubMedSearch: Yan 2007 Gene.Ther 14 1461 PubMedID: 17700706 Abstract Tissue damage and inflammation promote bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) to differentiate into a variety of cell types in residing tissues. BMSCs can stably maintain their plasticity and are an ideal cell population for delivery of therapeutic genes to non-hematopoietic tissues. Using lacZ as a reporter gene, we demonstrated that the lung-specific human surfactant protein B (hSP-B) 1.5-kb promoter is able to deliver the lacZ gene into the lung of lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) gene-knockout (lal-/-) mice by beta-galactosidase staining, flow cytometry and double immunofluorescence staining. Around 10-18% alveolar type II epithelial cells (AT II cells) exhibited positive lacZ gene expression after 8 weeks of BMSC injection in recipient lal-/- mice. The wild-type mice exhibited no expression after the same treatment. BMSCs from hSP-B 1.5-kb lacZ transgenic mice entered and repopulated in lal-/- bone marrow. The study supports a concept that pulmonary inflammation caused by LAL deficiency can trigger BMSC residing in lal-/- bone marrow, migrating into the lung and converting into residential AT II cells. The hSP-B 1.5 kb promoter is an ideal tool to deliver therapeutic genes into AT II cells through BMSCs to cure pulmonary inflammation-triggered diseases. Title: Macrophage-specific expression of human lysosomal acid lipase corrects inflammation and pathogenic phenotypes in lal-/- mice Yan C, Lian X, Li Y, Dai Y, White A, Qin Y, Li H, Hume DA, Du H Ref: American Journal of Pathology, 169:916, 2006 : PubMed ESTHER: Yan_2006_Am.J.Pathol_169_916 PubMedSearch: Yan 2006 Am.J.Pathol 169 916 PubMedID: 16936266 Abstract Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) hydrolyzes cholesteryl esters and triglycerides to generate free fatty acids and cholesterol in the cell. The downstream metabolites of these compounds serve as hormonal ligands for nuclear receptors and transcription factors. Genetic ablation of the lal gene in the mouse caused malformation of macrophages and inflammation-triggered multiple pathogenic phenotypes in multiple organs. To assess the relationship between macrophages and lal-/- pathogenic phenotypes, a macrophage-specific doxycycline-inducible transgenic system was generated to induce human LAL (hLAL) expression in the lal-/- genetic background under control of the 7.2-kb c-fms promoter/intron2 regulatory sequence. Doxycycline-induced hLAL expression in macrophages significantly ameliorated aberrant gene expression, inflammatory cell (neutrophil) influx, and pathogenesis in multiple organs. These studies strongly support that neutral lipid metabolism in macrophages contributes to organ inflammation and pathogenesis. Title: Neutral lipids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-{gamma} control pulmonary gene expression and inflammation-triggered pathogenesis in lysosomal acid lipase knockout mice Lian X, Yan C, Qin Y, Knox L, Li T, Du H Ref: American Journal of Pathology, 167:813, 2005 : PubMed ESTHER: Lian_2005_Am.J.Pathol_167_813 PubMedSearch: Lian 2005 Am.J.Pathol 167 813 PubMedID: 16127159 Gene_locus related to this paper: mouse-1llip Abstract The functional roles of neutral lipids in the lung are poorly understood. However, blocking cholesteryl ester and triglyceride metabolism in lysosomal acid lipase gene knockout mice (lal-/-) results in severe pathogenic phenotypes in the lung, including massive neutrophil infiltration, foamy macrophage accumulation, unwanted cell growth, and emphysema. To elucidate the mechanism underlining these pathologies, we performed Affymetrix GeneChip microarray analysis of 1-, 3-, and 6-month-old mice and identified aberrant gene expression that progressed with age. Among changed genes, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-12, apoptosis inhibitor 6 (Api-6), erythroblast transformation-specific domain (Ets) transcription factor family member Spi-C, and oncogene MafB were increased 100-, 70-, 40-, and 10-fold, respectively, in lal-/- lungs versus the wild-type lungs. The pathogenic increases of these molecules occurred primarily in alveolar type II epithelial cells. Transcriptional activities of the MMP-12 and Api-6 promoters were stimulated by Spi-C or MafB in respiratory epithelial cells. Treatment with 9-hydroxyoctadecanoic acids and ciglitazone significantly rescued lal-/- pulmonary inflammation and aberrant gene expression. In addition, both compounds as well as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inhibited MMP-12 and Api-6 promoter activities. These data suggest that inflammation-triggered cell growth and emphysema during lysosomal acid lipase deficiency are partially caused by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma inactivation. Title: Autophagic vacuoles with sarcolemmal features delineate Danon disease and related myopathies Sugie K, Noguchi S, Kozuka Y, Arikawa-Hirasawa E, Tanaka M, Yan C, Saftig P, von Figura K, Hirano M and Nishino I <2 more author(s)> Sugie K, Noguchi S, Kozuka Y, Arikawa-Hirasawa E, Tanaka M, Yan C, Saftig P, von Figura K, Hirano M, Ueno S, Nonaka I, Nishino I (- 2) Ref: J Neuropathol Experimental Neurology, 64:513, 2005 : PubMed ESTHER: Sugie_2005_J.Neuropathol.Exp.Neurol_64_513 PubMedSearch: Sugie 2005 J.Neuropathol.Exp.Neurol 64 513 PubMedID: 15977643 Abstract Among the autophagic vacuolar myopathies (AVMs), a subgroup is characterized pathologically by unusual autophagic vacuoles with sarcolemmal features (AVSF) and includes Danon disease and X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy. The diagnostic importance and detailed morphologic features of AVSF in different AVMs have not been well established, and the mechanism of AVSF formation is not known. To address these issues, we have performed detailed histologic studies of myopathies with AVSF and other AVMs. In Danon disease and related AVMs, at the light microscopic level, autophagic vacuoles appeared to be accumulations of lysosomes, which, by electron microscopy consisted of clusters of autophagic vacuoles, indicative of autolysosomes. Some autolysosomes were surrounded by membranes with sarcolemmal proteins, acetylcholinesterase activity, and basal lamina. In Danon disease, the number of fibers with AVSF increased linearly with age while the number with autolysosomal accumulations decreased slightly, suggesting that AVSF are produced secondarily in response to autolysosomes. Most of the AVSF form enclosed spaces, indicating that the vacuolar membranes may be formed in situ rather than through sarcolemmal indentation. This unique intracytoplasmic membrane structure was not found in other AVMs. In conclusion, AVSF with acetylcholinesterase activity are autolysosomes surrounded by secondarily generated intracytoplasmic sarcolemma-like structure and delineates a subgroup of AVMs. Title: Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency causes respiratory inflammation and destruction in the lung Lian X, Yan C, Yang L, Xu Y, Du H Ref: American Journal of Physiology Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 286:L801, 2004 : PubMed ESTHER: Lian_2004_Am.J.Physiol.Lung.Cell.Mol.Physiol_286_L801 PubMedSearch: Lian 2004 Am.J.Physiol.Lung.Cell.Mol.Physiol 286 L801 PubMedID: 14644759 Gene_locus related to this paper: mouse-1llip Abstract The functional roles of neutral lipids are poorly understood in the lung. Blocking cholesteryl ester and triglyceride metabolism in lysosomal acid lipase gene knockout mice (lal-/-) resulted in a high level of neutrophil influx in the lungs as early as 2 mo of age. Bronchoalveolar macrophages appeared foamy and gradually increased in number with age progression. Affymetrix GeneChip array analysis of lung mRNA showed increased levels of proinflammatory cytokine (including IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) and matrix metalloproteinase (including MMP-8, MMP-9, and MMP-12) expression in lal-/- mice. With age progression, some areas of lal-/- mice developed severe abnormal cell proliferation and alveolar remodeling. In other areas, alveolar destruction (i.e., emphysema) was observed. In addition, Clara cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia developed in conducting airways. The pathophysiological phenotypes in the lal-/- mouse lungs became more severe with increasing age. The studies support the concept that neutral lipid metabolites play essential roles in pulmonary homeostasis, inflammatory responses, remodeling, and injury repair. Title: The sequence of the human genome Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW, Li PW, Mural RJ, Sutton GG, Smith HO, Yandell M, Evans CA and Zhu X <264 more author(s)> Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW, Li PW, Mural RJ, Sutton GG, Smith HO, Yandell M, Evans CA, Holt RA, Gocayne JD, Amanatides P, Ballew RM, Huson DH, Wortman JR, Zhang Q, Kodira CD, Zheng XH, Chen L, Skupski M, Subramanian G, Thomas PD, Zhang J, Gabor Miklos GL, Nelson C, Broder S, Clark AG, Nadeau J, McKusick VA, Zinder N, Levine AJ, Roberts RJ, Simon M, Slayman C, Hunkapiller M, Bolanos R, Delcher A, Dew I, Fasulo D, Flanigan M, Florea L, Halpern A, Hannenhalli S, Kravitz S, Levy S, Mobarry C, Reinert K, Remington K, Abu-Threideh J, Beasley E, Biddick K, Bonazzi V, Brandon R, Cargill M, Chandramouliswaran I, Charlab R, Chaturvedi K, Deng Z, Di Francesco V, Dunn P, Eilbeck K, Evangelista C, Gabrielian AE, Gan W, Ge W, Gong F, Gu Z, Guan P, Heiman TJ, Higgins ME, Ji RR, Ke Z, Ketchum KA, Lai Z, Lei Y, Li Z, Li J, Liang Y, Lin X, Lu F, Merkulov GV, Milshina N, Moore HM, Naik AK, Narayan VA, Neelam B, Nusskern D, Rusch DB, Salzberg S, Shao W, Shue B, Sun J, Wang Z, Wang A, Wang X, Wang J, Wei M, Wides R, Xiao C, Yan C, Yao A, Ye J, Zhan M, Zhang W, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Zheng L, Zhong F, Zhong W, Zhu S, Zhao S, Gilbert D, Baumhueter S, Spier G, Carter C, Cravchik A, Woodage T, Ali F, An H, Awe A, Baldwin D, Baden H, Barnstead M, Barrow I, Beeson K, Busam D, Carver A, Center A, Cheng ML, Curry L, Danaher S, Davenport L, Desilets R, Dietz S, Dodson K, Doup L, Ferriera S, Garg N, Gluecksmann A, Hart B, Haynes J, Haynes C, Heiner C, Hladun S, Hostin D, Houck J, Howland T, Ibegwam C, Johnson J, Kalush F, Kline L, Koduru S, Love A, Mann F, May D, McCawley S, McIntosh T, McMullen I, Moy M, Moy L, Murphy B, Nelson K, Pfannkoch C, Pratts E, Puri V, Qureshi H, Reardon M, Rodriguez R, Rogers YH, Romblad D, Ruhfel B, Scott R, Sitter C, Smallwood M, Stewart E, Strong R, Suh E, Thomas R, Tint NN, Tse S, Vech C, Wang G, Wetter J, Williams S, Williams M, Windsor S, Winn-Deen E, Wolfe K, Zaveri J, Zaveri K, Abril JF, Guigo R, Campbell MJ, Sjolander KV, Karlak B, Kejariwal A, Mi H, Lazareva B, Hatton T, Narechania A, Diemer K, Muruganujan A, Guo N, Sato S, Bafna V, Istrail S, Lippert R, Schwartz R, Walenz B, Yooseph S, Allen D, Basu A, Baxendale J, Blick L, Caminha M, Carnes-Stine J, Caulk P, Chiang YH, Coyne M, Dahlke C, Mays A, Dombroski M, Donnelly M, Ely D, Esparham S, Fosler C, Gire H, Glanowski S, Glasser K, Glodek A, Gorokhov M, Graham K, Gropman B, Harris M, Heil J, Henderson S, Hoover J, Jennings D, Jordan C, Jordan J, Kasha J, Kagan L, Kraft C, Levitsky A, Lewis M, Liu X, Lopez J, Ma D, Majoros W, McDaniel J, Murphy S, Newman M, Nguyen T, Nguyen N, Nodell M, Pan S, Peck J, Peterson M, Rowe W, Sanders R, Scott J, Simpson M, Smith T, Sprague A, Stockwell T, Turner R, Venter E, Wang M, Wen M, Wu D, Wu M, Xia A, Zandieh A, Zhu X (- 264) Ref: Science, 291:1304, 2001 : PubMed ESTHER: Venter_2001_Science_291_1304 PubMedSearch: Venter 2001 Science 291 1304 PubMedID: 11181995 Gene_locus related to this paper: human-AADAC, human-ABHD1, human-ABHD10, human-ABHD11, human-ACHE, human-BCHE, human-LDAH, human-ABHD18, human-CMBL, human-ABHD17A, human-KANSL3, human-LIPA, human-LYPLAL1, human-NDRG2, human-NLGN3, human-NLGN4X, human-NLGN4Y, human-PAFAH2, human-PREPL, human-RBBP9, human-SPG21 Abstract A 2.91-billion base pair (bp) consensus sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome was generated by the whole-genome shotgun sequencing method. The 14.8-billion bp DNA sequence was generated over 9 months from 27,271,853 high-quality sequence reads (5.11-fold coverage of the genome) from both ends of plasmid clones made from the DNA of five individuals. Two assembly strategies-a whole-genome assembly and a regional chromosome assembly-were used, each combining sequence data from Celera and the publicly funded genome effort. The public data were shredded into 550-bp segments to create a 2.9-fold coverage of those genome regions that had been sequenced, without including biases inherent in the cloning and assembly procedure used by the publicly funded group. This brought the effective coverage in the assemblies to eightfold, reducing the number and size of gaps in the final assembly over what would be obtained with 5.11-fold coverage. The two assembly strategies yielded very similar results that largely agree with independent mapping data. The assemblies effectively cover the euchromatic regions of the human chromosomes. More than 90% of the genome is in scaffold assemblies of 100,000 bp or more, and 25% of the genome is in scaffolds of 10 million bp or larger. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed 26,588 protein-encoding transcripts for which there was strong corroborating evidence and an additional approximately 12,000 computationally derived genes with mouse matches or other weak supporting evidence. Although gene-dense clusters are obvious, almost half the genes are dispersed in low G+C sequence separated by large tracts of apparently noncoding sequence. Only 1.1% of the genome is spanned by exons, whereas 24% is in introns, with 75% of the genome being intergenic DNA. Duplications of segmental blocks, ranging in size up to chromosomal lengths, are abundant throughout the genome and reveal a complex evolutionary history. Comparative genomic analysis indicates vertebrate expansions of genes associated with neuronal function, with tissue-specific developmental regulation, and with the hemostasis and immune systems. DNA sequence comparisons between the consensus sequence and publicly funded genome data provided locations of 2.1 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A random pair of human haploid genomes differed at a rate of 1 bp per 1250 on average, but there was marked heterogeneity in the level of polymorphism across the genome. Less than 1% of all SNPs resulted in variation in proteins, but the task of determining which SNPs have functional consequences remains an open challenge. | |||||||
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