Cigarette smoking is the major risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, only a minority of cigarette smokers develop symptomatic disease. Family and twin studies suggest that genetic factors also contribute to the development of COPD. We present a detailed literature review of the genes which have been investigated as potential risk factors for this disease.
        
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Joos L, Pare PD, Sandford AJ (2002) Genetic risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Swiss Med Wkly132: 27-37
Joos L, Pare PD, Sandford AJ (2002) Swiss Med Wkly132: 27-37