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on chromosome X ENSMUSG00000031302 || Q8BYM5 from Okazaki some diff || Neuroligins constitute a family of proteins thought to mediate cell-to-cell interactions between neurons. Neuroligins function as ligands for the neurexin family of cell surface receptors. Homo sapiens KIAA1480 . More recently it was cloned by Philibert et al. with some aa differences and with two alternative forms HNL3 HNLS3S. ChrX q21.1. In 2 brothers with autism, one with typical autism and the other with Asperger syndrome, Jamain et al. (2003) identified a mutation R451C in the human-NLGN3 gene. arg451 in NLGN3, arg386 in BCHE, and arg395 in ACHE are conserved in mammalian species. In cellular transfection studies, De Jaco et al. (2006) inserted mutations homologous to the NLGN3 R451C mutation in BCHE and ACHE cDNAs and found that these mutations resulted in endoplasmic reticulum retention of the 2 proteins, similar to that observed with the NLGN3 R451C mutant protein. Tabuchi et al. (2007) introduced the R451C substitution in neuroligin-3 into mice. R451C mutant mice showed impaired social interactions but enhanced spatial learning abilities. Unexpectedly these behavioral changes were accompanied by an increase in inhibitory synaptic transmission with no apparent effect on excitatory synapses. Deletion of neuroligin-3, in contrast, did not cause such changes, indicating that the R451C substitution represents a gain-of-function mutation. Tabuchi et al. (2007) concluded that increased inhibitory synaptic transmission may contribute to human autism spectrum disorders and that the R451C knockin mice may be a useful model for studying autism-related behaviors. Recently Venkatesh et al. showed that neuronal activity promotes glioma growth through Neuroligin-3 secretion